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اسلاید 1 :

مثال پیش فرضهای منطقی

oyou cannot claim a statement to be true without assuming something which underlies that claim e.g. I cannot claim the proposition: 'the sky is blue' without assuming (or presupposing) the reliability of my senses, my use of language, grammar, logic, etc.

مثال: اسمان ابی است

پیش فرضها؟

مثال دیگر؟

اسلاید 2 :

پیش فرض

oA statement accepted or supposed as true without proof or demonstration; an unstated premise or belief. All human thought and experience are based on assumptions.

پیش فرض گزاره ایست که صادق فرض شده است

اسلاید 3 :

oWe are typically unaware of what we assume and therefore rarely question our assumptions.

oWe often experience the world in such a way as to assume that we are observing things just as they are.

اسلاید 4 :

پیش فرض منطقی ، روانشناسی یا....

پیش فرض منطقی شرط لازم برای پذیرش استدلال است

پیش فرض روانشناسی کلیشه های ذهنی ما است که در طول زندگی شکل گرفته است

اسلاید 5 :

پیش فرض روانشناسی یاتفکر کلیشه ای

اسلاید 6 :

مکانیسم کلیشه

oA stereotype is a schema that we use to categorize people.

oSuch categorization emphasizes the similarities of all members of the category  and also emphasizes the differences between these members and those people who do not belong to the category.

اسلاید 7 :

اهمیت کلیشه ها

oOne of the defining characteristics of a stereotype is that it is an oversimplification, and therein lies its value as well as its hazard.

oStereotypes have been described as "cognitively economical in that they help us to manage large amounts of information about people and to predict the behavior of others when information is limited.

اسلاید 8 :

کلیشه حاوی چیست؟

oIn addition, when we have very limited, information about a person but we do know that he or she is a member of given category, we are likely to assume  that the individual possesses characteristics common to the category.

oWe've suggested that a stereotype can contain valid information as well as misinformation.

اسلاید 9 :

پیش فرض

oMuch of what is wrong with human thought can be found in the uncritical or unexamined assumptions that underlie it.

oAll of our

nprejudices, پیش قضاوتها

nbiases, سوگراییها

npreconceived (defined predetermined) generalizations lie in the form of assumptions. تعمیمهای از قبل تعریف شده

اسلاید 10 :

مدلهای حل مسئله (در پزشکی)

• سیستم 2
• تحلیلی/نقادی
• کند
• نظام مند
• هوشیارانه
• کم خطا
• سندیت بیشتر

  سیستم 1

  شهودی

  سریع

  قاعده مند/کلیشه ای

  اتوماتیک

  خطا زیاد

  سندیت کمتر