بخشی از پاورپوینت
اسلاید 1 :
بيو انرژتيک در تغذيه
Bioenergetics in nutrition
اسلاید 2 :
Feed
“Interior” of the body
Basic components of digestive systems
Feces
Mouth
“Interior” of the body
“Exterior” of the body
(Forestomachs)
Glandular stomach
Liver
Salivary
glands
Pancreas
Small intestine
Large intestine
دستگاه گوارش بخش خارجي بدن موجودات زنده است و وظيفه اصلي آن برقراري ارتباط بين محيط خارج و داخل بدن و تامين انرژي و مواد مغذي است.
اسلاید 3 :
موجودات زنده لوله سر و ته باز
اسلاید 4 :
تقسيم بندي حيوانات بر اساس رفتار تغذيه اي و فيزيولوژي هضم
احتياجات تغذيهاي حيوانات به شدت تحت تأثير نوع دستگاه گوارشي آنهاست. اين تأثير حداقل سبب تقسيمبندي به دو نوع فيزيولوژي هضم ميگردد:
(1) راهکار انتخاب خوراک و جيره غذايي (تغذيه اي)
(2) توانايي حيوان در دريافت نيازهاي تغذيهاي از انواع ويژه علوفه (فيزيولوژي هضم).
تقسيم بندي موجودات از نظر كسب انرژي و منبع كربن
موجودات اتوتروف
موجودات هتروتروف
اسلاید 5 :
طبقهبندي حيوانات براساس راهکارهاي تغذيهاي
اسلاید 6 :
طبقه بندي حيوانات بر اساس فيزيولوژي دستگاه گوارش.
اسلاید 7 :
طبقه بندي حيوانات بر اساس راهکارهاي تغذيهاي و فيزيولوژي دستگاه گوارش
اسلاید 8 :
طبقه بندي حيوانات بر اساس راهکارهاي تغذيهاي و فيزيولوژي دستگاه گوارش
اسلاید 9 :
چرا بيوانرژتيک؟؟؟
حدود نصف انرژي خورشيدي به زمين مي رسد که فقط 2 درصد آن توسط گيرنده هاي واقعي انرژي روي زمين يعني گياهان سبز دريافت مي شود. در فرايند فتوسنتز نصف اين انرژي (1 درصد) به ترکيبات الي ذخيره اي در گياهان تبديل مي شود که 5 درصد به صورت مواد دانه اي و . است که مي تواند به عنوان غذاي بشر (Food) استفاده شود اما 95 درصد بقيه قابليت استفاده در انسان را ندارد (Feed).
How about other 95 %
Harvest vegetation from lands that will not support economic crop
production.
1/3 of earth is land
Urban3 to 4 %
Crop cultivation10%
Non-productive15%
Forest28 to 30%
Rangeland40%
اسلاید 10 :
Cellulose Digestion Requires Time
Mean retention time in digestive tract (hours)
Cellulose
digestion
(%)
Ruminants
Non-ruminants
Y = 25.3 + 0.48 X, r = 0.69
Y = 11.9 + 0.55 X, r = 0.78
Van Soest, et al., 1983
E= Elephants, H=Humans,
O=Hippopotami, P=Rhinoceri,
Q=Horses, R=Rodents,T=Tapirs,
U=Pigs, X=Other species, Z=Zebras
A=Antelope, B=Bovids, C=Camelids
D=Deer, G=Giraffe, S=Caprids
اسلاید 11 :
Cellulose Digestibility Increases with Animal Body Size
Body weight (kg0.25)
Cellulose
Digestion
(%)
Ruminants
Non-ruminants
Y = 42 + 4.0 X, r = 0.56
Y = 14.5 + 5.4 X, r = 0.74
Van Soest, et al., 1983
1000
3000
100
400
اسلاید 12 :
Digestion Strategies in
Large Non-ruminant Herbivores
Digestion strategies:
“Relatively easily” extract energy from plant cell wall fiber.
Increased body size = increased intake capacity & size of digestive tract (relative to metabolic size).
Limitation:
Need access to a large supply of fibrous feeds to survive in the wild (e.g., the African savanna).
How it works:
The digesta passes unrestricted through the GI tract.
As body size increases (e.g., from horse to elephant), passage rate slows down (due to increased length of digestive tract), thus maintaining digestibility of plant fiber.
اسلاید 13 :
Digestion Strategies in Ruminants
Digestion strategies: Extract maximum energy from plant cell wall fiber by: (1) pregastric fermentation (2) rumination and selective retention of fiber in the rumen.
Limitation: Forestomachs may fill to capacity with plant cell wall fiber (a bulky, low energy nutrient) before energy requirements are met (e.g., a cow may stop eating because the rumen is full, but remains “hungry” because of the high energy requirements).
How it works: Dry matter intake is limited by selective fiber retention and slow passage rate of digesta in the rumen. Understanding and manipulating factors that influence passage rate in the rumen are critical to ruminant nutrition.
01 ژوئن 20
درس بیو انرژتیک - بهار 1399
اسلاید 14 :
Advantages
Disadvantages
2- Additional energy required for rumination
3- Loss of “flexibility” in changing intake level as a function of diet quality
4- Additional risk of metabolic disorders under nutritional stress (bloat, acidosis, ketosis, etc.)
Nutritional Advantages and Disadvantages of Ruminant Adaptation to High Fiber Diets
1- Energy lost as methane gas as a direct consequence of carbohydrate fermentation
1- Ability to use the hemicellulose and cellulose bound in fiber as energy (i.e., ability “to survive” on high fiber diets)
5- Loss of protein utilization efficiency if dietary protein is high quality (soybean), or fed above requirements (CP > 18%)
4- Ability to detoxify toxins in feed
3- Ability to recycle nitrogen and “survive” on crude protein diets as low as 7-8%
5- Guaranteed supply of vitamin Bs
2- Ability to produce and use high quality (bacterial) protein from non-protein nitrogen sources
6- Increased availability of phosphorus bound in phytin
اسلاید 15 :
Advantages of pregastric fermentation
Make better use of alternative nutrients
Cellulose
Nonprotein nitrogen
Ability to detoxify some poisonous compounds
Oxalates, cyanide, alkaloids
More effective use of fermentation end-products including:
Volatile fatty acids, microbial protein, B vitamins
Decrease in handling undigested residues
In wild animals, it allows animals to eat and run
اسلاید 16 :
Disadvantages of pregastric fermentation
Fermentation is inefficient
Energy
Loss Amount (% of total caloric value)
Methane 5-8
Heat of fermentation 5-6
Relative efficiency is dependent on the diet NDF.
Protein
Protein
Some ammonia resulting from microbial degradation will be absorbed and excreted
20% of the nitrogen in microbes is in the form of nucleic acids
Ruminants are susceptible to ketosis
Ruminants are susceptible to toxins produced by rumen microbes
Nitrates Nitrites
Urea Ammonia
Nonstructural carbohydrates Lactic acid
Tryptophan 3-methyl indole
Isoflavonoid estrogens estrogen
Coumestans
اسلاید 17 :
Domesticated ruminant species
2.8 billion animals
2.2 billion of these are cattle and sheep
Domesticated ruminants outnumber wild ruminants by 10:1
Major domesticated ruminant species
Cattle
Sheep
Goats
Buffalo
Reindeer
Yak
Classification of ruminants by feeding preference
Concentrate selectors
Intermediate feeders
Roughage grazers
اسلاید 18 :
Ruminants vary in size and habitat
اسلاید 19 :
Concentrate selecting species
Properties
Evolved early
Small rumens
Poorly developed omasums
Large livers
Limited ability to digest fiber
Classes
Fruit and forage selectors
Very selective feeders
Duikers, sunis
Tree and shrub browsers
Eat highly lignifies plant tissues to extract cell solubles
Deer, giraffes, kudus
Intermediate feeding species
Properties
Seasonally adaptive
Feeding preference
Prefer browsing
Moose, goats, elands
Prefer grazing
Sheep, impalas
Roughage grazing species
Properties
Late evolved
Generally larger rumens
Slows retention times
Less selective
Digests fermentable cells wall carbohydrates
Classes
Fresh grass grazers
Buffalo, cattle, gnus
Roughage grazers
Hartebeests, topis
Dry region grazers
Camels, antelope, oryxes
اسلاید 20 :
Classification and Anatomy of Ruminants
گوزن خال خالي
گوزن کوچک چثه
گوزن شمالي
گاوميش کوهان دار
بز کوهي
بز کوهي شوکا
شاخ چله ايهاي
گوزن شمالي
گوزن زرد
گوزن آمريکاي شمالي
گاوميش کوهان دار اروپايي
