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اسلاید 1 :


الف ـ مقدمه و معرفي بيماري

ب ـ اپيدميولوژي توصيفي و وقوع(OCCURRENCE)

ج ـ پيشگيري و كنترل

1- تعريف و اهميت بهداشتي

2 – عامل يا عوامل اتيولوژيك


اسلاید 2 :


1- تعريف و اهميت بهداشتي

Human zoonotic disease
–Primarily disease of herbivorous animals

Sheep, goats, cattle
Many large documented epizootics
–Occasional human disease

Epidemics have occurred but uncommon
Rare in developed world


اسلاید 3 :


Bioweapon Potential

Many countries have weaponized anthrax
–Former bioweapon programs

U.S.S.R., U.S., U.K.,  and    Japan
–Recent bioweapon programs

Iraq
–Attempted uses as bioterrorism agent

WW I: Germans inoculated Allied livestock
WW II: Japanese use on prisoners


اسلاید 4 :


Features of anthrax suitable as BT agent
1.Spores easily dispersed as aerosol

2.Moderately infectious

3.High mortality for inhalational (86-100%)

4.Fairly easy to obtain, produce and store

اسلاید 5 :


Aerosol method of delivery
–Most likely method expected in BT attack

–Would cause primarily inhalational disease

Spores reside on particles of 1-5 μm size
Optimal size for deposition into alveoli
Form of disease with highest mortality
–Would infect the largest number of people

اسلاید 6 :


Sverdlovsk, Russia 1979
–Accidental release from anthrax drying plant

–79 human cases

All downwind of plant
68 deaths


Some infected with multiples strains


اسلاید 7 :


Estimated effects of inhalational anthrax
–100 kg spores released over city size of Washington DC

130,000 – 3 million deaths depending on weather conditions
–Economic impact

$26.2 billion/100,000 exposed people


اسلاید 8 :


ب ـ اپيدميولوژي توصيفي و وقوع آنتراكس

1 – دوره نهفتگي  (Incubation period)

2 – سير طبيعي(Natural course)

3 – انتشار جغرافيائي(Geographical distribution)

4 – روند زماني(Timeline trend)

5 – تاثير سن، جنس، شغل و موقعيت اجتماعي

6 – تاثير عوامل مساعد كننده(Predisposing factors)

7 – حساسيت و مقاومت(Susceptibility & Resistance)

8 – ميزان حمله هاي ثانويه(Secondary attack rate)

9 – نحوه انتقال و دوره قابليت سرايت

(Mode of transmission & period of communicability)

اسلاید 9 :


1 ـ دوره نهفتگي

Incubation Period
–Time from exposure to symptoms

–Cutaneous, 3-10 days

–Very variable for inhalational

2-43 days reported
Theoretically may be up to 100 days
Delayed germination of spores


اسلاید 10 :


2 – عامل يا عوامل اتيولوژيك

Caused by Bacillus anthracis
–Spores found in soil worldwide

Bacillus anthracis
–Aerobic, Gram positive rod

–Long (1-10μm), thin (0.5-2.5μm)

–Forms inert spores when exposed to O2

Infectious form, hardy
Approx 1μm in size
–Vegetative bacillus state in vivo

Result of spore germination
Non-infectious, fragile

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